Verification and application of a HPLC-FLD method with immunoaffinity column cleanup for the analysis of citrinin in rice
Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1080/03601234.2026.2727396
- Dergi Adı: Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts Core, Compendex, EMBASE, Environment Index, Geobase, Greenfile, MEDLINE, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Natural Science Collection (ProQuest), Biomedical Reference Collection: Corporate Edition (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Citrinin, food safety, HPLC-FLD, immunoaffinity column clean-up, mycotoxin, rice, Türkiye
- Lokman Hekim Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
This preliminary study aimed to verify an analytical method for the detection and quantification of citrinin (CIT) in commercial rice samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Ten rice samples of various origins were extracted, purified by immunoaffinity column (IAC), and analyzed by HPLC-FLD. The method showed excellent linearity (r2 = 0.999), with a LOD of 0.031 µg/mL and a LOQ of 0.103 µg/mL. Satisfactory precision was achieved (CV: 1.59–8.65%). Standard solution recovery was approximately 97%. Chromatographic peaks corresponding to CIT, identified by retention-time matching with the analytical standard following IAC cleanup, were observed in all samples. Putative CIT concentrations ranged from 126 to 229 µg/kg, mean 192 ± 35 µg/kg. To our knowledge, this is the first report of potential CIT contamination in rice from Türkiye. However, given the limited sample size, non-representative sampling design, and identification based on HPLC-FLD retention-time matching without LC-MS/MS confirmation, these findings are preliminary and should not be generalized beyond the rice samples analyzed in this study. Although CIT is a globally recognized mycotoxin, no specific limits exist for conventional rice. These findings support the need for larger monitoring studies, confirmatory LC-MS/MS analysis, and regulatory consideration for CIT in rice.